Week 1: Background and Introduction

• Automotive Industry Evolution: Brief history of the automotive industry and key technological milestones.
• Regulatory Landscape: Overview of global emission standards, policies promoting EV adoption.
• Market Analysis: Key players, emerging markets, and regions leading EV adoption.

Week 2: Powertrain Architecture

• Comparison of Powertrains: ICE, Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, BEV, FCEV.
• Thermal Management in Powertrain Systems: The importance of managing thermal loads in EV powertrains.

Week 3: Power Electronics

• Motor Comparison for EV Applications: Pros and cons of each motor type in specific EV applications.
• Power Electronics Components: Key devices (IGBTs, MOSFETs) used in EV motor controllers.
• Thermal Management for Power Electronics: Techniques to maintain optimal operating temperatures.

Week 4: Motor Controls

• Advanced Control Algorithms: Field-Oriented Control (FOC), Vector Control for motors.
• Control System Design and Tuning: Optimizing control parameters for efficiency and performance.
• Diagnostics and Monitoring: Using control systems for fault detection and reliability monitoring.

Week 5: Battery Technology and Charging

• Battery Chemistry and Innovations: In-depth look at Li-ion and emerging chemistries like solid-state, LiFePO4.
• Battery Safety and Standards: Safety protocols for battery handling and international standards.
• Charging Infrastructure and Grid Impact: EV impact on grid, V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) concepts.
• Battery Recycling and Second-life Applications: Addressing end-of-life and sustainability challenges.

Additional Topics for a Deeper Dive (Weeks 6+)

1. Electric Drivetrain Optimization: Reducing losses, increasing drivetrain efficiency.
2. Software and Connectivity in EVs: Role of telematics, Over-the-Air (OTA) updates, and cybersecurity.
3. Autonomous Driving and EVs: How EV platforms integrate with ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems).
4. Case Studies and Real-world Applications: Examining successes and challenges faced by top EV brands.

Week 01 – MATLAB: Language Fundamentals and Programming

• Workspace and Variables: Introduction to MATLAB workspace, variable creation, and management.
  • Data Types: Understanding different data types in MATLAB, such as integers, floats, matrices, and strings.
  • Loops and Conditional Statements: Using for, while, and if statements for flow control.
  • Inputs and Outputs: Techniques for reading and writing data in MATLAB.
  • Loading and Saving Data: Handling files with commands like load, save, and fopen.

Week 02 – MATLAB: Programming and Graphics

• Scripts and Functions: Writing and organizing code into scripts and functions for reuse and modularity.
  • Programming Utilities: Introduction to useful tools like debugging, breakpoints, and profile for optimizing code.
  • Debugging: Strategies for identifying and fixing errors in MATLAB code.
  • 2D and 3D Plots: Creating and customizing visualizations for data analysis.
  • Formatting and Annotation: Annotating plots with labels, legends, titles, and grids.
  • Printing and Saving: Exporting plots and figures to different file formats.

Week 03 – MATLAB: Mathematics

• Elementary Math: Performing basic mathematical operations, including arithmetic, powers, and roots.
  • Linear Algebra: Working with matrices, vectors, matrix multiplication, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors.
  • Interpolation: Methods for estimating values between data points (e.g., linear, spline interpolation).
  • Optimization: Solving optimization problems using MATLAB functions like fminunc, fmincon.
  • Numerical Integration: Implementing methods like the trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule for integrating functions.

Week 04 – SIMULINK: Overview

• Simulink Overview: Introduction to Simulink, an interactive environment for modeling dynamic systems.
  • Fundamentals in Model Building: Steps for creating and simulating models in Simulink.
  • Sources and Sinks: Working with different input and output blocks (e.g., signal sources, scope, and sinks).

Week 05 – SIMULINK: Basic Waveforms

• Unit Step Function: Using the step input function for system simulations.
  • Ramp Function: Modeling linear ramp signals in Simulink.
  • Pulse Function: Simulating pulse-like signals.
  • Sum and Difference of Step Functions: Combining signals for more complex input patterns.

Week 06 – SIMULINK: Trigonometric Functions

• Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions: Working with basic trigonometric functions and their waveforms.
  • Cosecant, Secant, Cotangent Functions: Understanding these lesser-used but important trigonometric functions in simulations.
  • Applications of Trigonometric Functions: Practical examples where trigonometric functions are used in signal generation or control systems.

Week 07 – SIMULINK: Differential Equations

• Differential Equations: Introduction to modeling and solving first and second-order differential equations in Simulink.
  • Spring-Mass-Damper System: Modeling a basic mechanical system to study dynamic behavior.
  • Laplace Transforms: Using Laplace transforms to convert differential equations into algebraic equations for easier analysis.

Week 08 – SIMULINK: Spring-Mass-Damper Systems and Stability

• Spring-Mass-Damper Systems and Stability: Exploring the dynamics and stability of mechanical systems with damping.
  • Transfer Function Estimation: Estimating the system’s transfer function from simulations.
  • Solving for Roots of the Differential Equation: Analyzing system stability using pole-zero plots.

Week 09 – SIMULINK: Simple Harmonic Oscillator and Control System Design

• Simple Harmonic Oscillator: Modeling the motion of a harmonic oscillator (mass-spring system).
  • Control System Design: Introduction to designing control systems using transfer functions.
  • Feedback to the Controller: Understanding feedback loops and their effect on system performance.

Week 10 – SIMULINK: Linear Control System Design

• Control System Objectives: Understanding the goals of control systems (stability, accuracy, response time).
  • PID Control Design: Design and tuning of PID controllers (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) for various systems.
  • Time-Domain Designs: Analyzing system performance in the time domain (e.g., transient response, steady-state error).
  • Frequency-Domain Designs: Using Bode plots, Nyquist plots, and other tools for frequency analysis.

Week 11 – SIMULINK: PID Design for a Direct Current (DC) Machine

• Modeling a DC Machine: Creating a dynamic model of a DC motor in Simulink, including mechanical and electrical subsystems.
  • PID Design for DC Motor: Applying PID control to a DC motor for speed or position control.
  • Speed Control of DC Motor: Analyzing the performance of a DC motor under various control scenarios.
  • Transfer Function Analysis: Deriving the transfer function of the DC motor model and its application to the control design.

Week 12 – SIMULINK: Linearization and Nonlinear Control

• Linearization: Simplifying nonlinear models to linear approximations around operating points.
  • Nonlinear Equation Solving: Techniques for solving nonlinear systems using numerical methods.
  • Nonlinear Control: Introduction to control systems designed for nonlinear dynamics, including state-space models and feedback linearization.
  • Feedback Systems: Understanding how to design feedback systems for both linear and nonlinear plants.

Week 01 – Introduction to Electrical Wiring Harness Design

• Overview of Electrical Wiring Harnesses:
  • Importance of wiring harnesses in automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.
  • Components of a wiring harness: wires, connectors, terminals, etc.
  • Understanding the role of electrical wiring harnesses in ensuring connectivity, safety, and functionality.
• Introduction to CATIA V5 for Electrical Design:
  • Introduction to CATIA V5 interface for electrical design.
  • Understanding CATIA’s capabilities in harness design, including schematic and physical design tools.
  • Overview of the CATIA V5 Electrical Workbench.

Week 02 – CATIA V5: Harness Design Fundamentals

• CATIA V5 Electrical Workbench:
  • Setting up projects and working with wire harnesses in CATIA V5.
  • Creating a new electrical design project in CATIA.
  • Understanding the process of creating electrical diagrams and harness layout in CATIA.
• Electrical Symbol Libraries:
  • Overview of standard electrical symbols and their use in harness design.
  • Importing and using symbol libraries in CATIA for designing electrical circuits.

Week 03 – CATIA V5: Schematic Design

• Creating Schematics in CATIA V5:
  • Creating wiring schematics and diagrams using CATIA.
  • Placing components (wires, connectors, terminals) into the schematic.
  • Defining connections and wire routing in the schematic.
• Component and Connector Management:
  • Defining and managing components such as connectors, relays, and switches.
  • Creating and assigning part numbers and specifications to components in the CATIA environment.

Week 04 – CATIA V5: 3D Harness Design

• 3D Design and Routing of Wiring Harnesses:
  • Creating 3D wire harness assemblies in CATIA V5.
  • Routing wires through the 3D space and using predefined paths.
  • Integrating wire harness designs with 3D models of mechanical components.
• Harness Assembly & Integration with CAD:
  • Integrating the electrical harness with the mechanical design of the vehicle or aircraft in CATIA.
  • Ensuring proper clearance and avoiding conflicts between wires and components.

Week 05 – CATIA V5: Optimization and Simulation

• Design Validation and Simulation:
  • Checking for design errors such as shorts, misrouted wires, and incorrect component connections.
  • Running simulations to verify the electrical system’s performance.
• Optimization of Wire Harnesses:
  • Techniques to minimize wire length and reduce weight in the harness.
  • Ensuring electrical connectivity and minimizing interference in the system.

Week 06 – Introduction to Electrical AutoCAD for Wiring Harnesses

• Overview of Electrical AutoCAD:
  • Introduction to Electrical AutoCAD’s interface and features specific to electrical design.
  • Understanding the difference between AutoCAD and Electrical AutoCAD in terms of features for electrical schematics and wiring harnesses.
• Setting Up an Electrical Project:
  • Starting a new electrical design project in AutoCAD.
  • Configuring the workspace, templates, and drawing settings.

Week 07 – Electrical AutoCAD: Creating Schematics and Diagrams

• Wiring and Schematic Design in Electrical AutoCAD:
  • Drawing and editing electrical symbols (e.g., switches, connectors, circuit breakers) using AutoCAD’s electrical symbol library.
  • Creating electrical circuits using wire and component symbols.
  • Managing wire and component properties.
• Using AutoCAD’s Circuit Design Tools:
  • Inserting and managing electrical components and their associated properties (tags, part numbers, etc.).
  • Using AutoCAD’s tools for wire and conduit layout, including tools for alignment and spacing.

Week 08 – Electrical AutoCAD: Panel Layouts and 3D Wiring Harness

• Panel Design and Layout in AutoCAD:
  • Designing and laying out electrical control panels.
  • Placing electrical components in the panel, such as relays, breakers, and controllers.
  • Organizing components for efficient wiring and accessibility.
• 3D Wiring Harness Layout in AutoCAD:
  • Using AutoCAD to create 3D layouts for complex wiring systems.
  • Connecting electrical components in 3D and checking for proper routing and clearance.

Week 09 – Electrical AutoCAD: Bill of Materials and Reports

• Generating Bill of Materials (BOM):
  • Using Electrical AutoCAD to automatically generate BOM for the wiring harness.
  • Managing component specifications, quantities, and part numbers.
• Creating Reports and Documentation:
  • Creating wiring diagrams and documentation for manufacturing.
  • Generating electrical reports such as wiring lists, component specifications, and schematics.

Week 10 – Integrating CATIA V5 and Electrical AutoCAD

• Data Exchange Between CATIA and Electrical AutoCAD:
  • Techniques for transferring designs between CATIA V5 and Electrical AutoCAD.
  • Managing multi-platform design environments and synchronization of components and drawings.
• Collaboration and Workflow Integration:
  • Collaborative design using both CATIA and AutoCAD to work on electrical and mechanical aspects simultaneously.
  • Ensuring consistency and accuracy between electrical diagrams and mechanical 3D models.

Week 11 – Advanced Topics in Harness Design

• Advanced Routing Techniques in CATIA:
  • Using advanced routing and design tools to optimize the layout and configuration of the wire harness.
  • Utilizing tools for defining wire bundles, harness support structures, and end connectors.
• Design for Manufacturability:
  • Creating designs that are easy to manufacture, assemble, and test.
  • Incorporating best practices for wire harness production and minimizing potential issues in manufacturing.

Week 12 – Final Project and Case Studies

• Final Design Project:
  • Students will complete a final project that involves designing a complete electrical wiring harness for a given application (e.g., automotive, aerospace, industrial machinery).
  • The project will include schematics, 3D routing, and all associated documentation such as BOM and installation guides.
• Case Studies and Industry Applications:
  • Review case studies from the automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing industries.
  • Discussion of real-world challenges and solutions in electrical wiring harness design and production.

Week 01 – Introduction to Automotive Design

Overview of Automotive Design and Manufacturing

• Automotive design and development lifecycle: Concept, design, manufacturing, and testing.
• Overview of V-Cycle in automotive development (requirements definition, design, testing, validation, and production).
• Product Planning and Concept Development for vehicles: Ideation and market analysis.
• Trends in Electric Vehicle (EV) design: Shift towards electric powertrains, environmental regulations, and autonomous vehicle technologies.
• Design solutions for modern automotive challenges: Weight reduction, energy efficiency, and safety considerations.

Project Management in Automotive Design

• Project Management principles for automotive design.
• Use of Project Management Tools (e.g., Gantt charts, MS Project, Agile).
• The role of timelines, resource management, and risk assessment in the development of automotive projects.

Week 02 – Electronic Components and Measurement Devices

Key Electronic Components in Automotive Design

• Measurement Tools in automotive applications: Multimeters, oscilloscopes, power analyzers, and signal generators.
• Sensors in vehicles: Temperature, pressure, speed, position sensors, and their role in the vehicle’s control systems.
• Connectors and Oscillators: Understanding the critical importance of connectors in automotive electrical systems (e.g., high-current, sealed connectors).
• Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps): Use in automotive control systems like signal conditioning for sensors, feedback circuits, and amplifiers.

PCB Design Challenges

• Overview of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design: Schematic capture, layout, routing, and thermal considerations.
• Design Challenges in automotive environments: Vibration, temperature fluctuations, EMI (electromagnetic interference), and mechanical stress.
• Best practices for designing robust PCBs for automotive applications.

Week 03 – Power Electronics Design

Power Components in Automotive Applications

• Powertrain design for electric vehicles: Components involved—motors, inverters, converters, and batteries.
• Converters for Powertrain: DC/DC, AC/DC, and DC/AC converters used in electric powertrains. Understanding their role in power conversion between battery, motor, and regenerative systems.
• Reading Datasheets for power components: How to read and understand the specifications of power electronics components like IGBTs, MOSFETs, and diodes.

Selection of Power Components

• Selection Criteria for power components: Voltage, current, thermal ratings, and reliability in automotive environments.
• Design Steps for creating a power electronics system for EVs: Selection of converters, components, and protection circuits.
• Testing Methods for power electronics components: Thermal testing, efficiency testing, and load cycling.

Electric Motor Testing

• Testing of electric motors for EVs: Torque, efficiency, temperature rise, and noise tests.
• Types of testing setups and equipment used to test electric motors.

Week 04 – Battery Pack Design

Battery Pack for EVs

• Overview of Battery Pack Design: Types of batteries (Li-ion, LiFePO4, etc.), modules, and cells.
• Module Selection: Selecting the appropriate battery modules based on voltage, capacity, and current requirements.
• Cell Selection: Understanding the properties of battery cells, such as capacity, voltage range, and cycle life, and their suitability for automotive applications.
• Battery Pack Components: Battery management system (BMS), thermal management, safety circuits, connectors, and enclosures.

Testing and Charging of EV Batteries

• Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing for battery management and control systems.
• EV Charging: Overview of different charging methods—Level 1, Level 2, DC fast charging, and wireless charging.
• EV Charging Components: Charging stations, connectors, and power converters used in charging infrastructure.

Week 05 – Automotive Standards, Testing, and Validation

Homologation of Vehicles

• What is homologation? The process of ensuring that vehicles meet regulatory and safety standards in various markets.
• Steps involved in vehicle certification: Emission testing, crash testing, and durability testing.

EV Testing and Validation

• Testing for EVs: Performance testing (range, efficiency), safety testing (crashworthiness, thermal runaway in batteries), and environmental testing (temperature, humidity).
• Validation of EV: Testing vehicle systems like powertrain, infotainment, safety features, and driver assistance systems to meet manufacturer and regulatory standards.

Automotive Standards and Approvals

• Standards for Automotive Design: ISO 26262 (functional safety), IEC 61508 (safety integrity), UL, and RoHS compliance.
• Approvals Required for EVs in India:
  • FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) scheme.
  • ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India) certification.
  • Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR) and standards for electric vehicles in India.

Week 01 – Traction Power Equations, Driving Cycle & Importance of Modeling

Understanding Vehicle Power Requirements

• Vehicle Response for Different Drive Cycle Patterns: Introduction to how vehicles respond to real-world driving conditions and standardized driving cycles (e.g., FTP-75, EPA, WLTP).
• Wide-Open Throttle (WOT) Calculations: How to calculate vehicle performance under maximum acceleration.
• Vehicle Power Requirement Calculations: Estimating the power required to propel a vehicle based on vehicle mass, acceleration, and power losses.

Factors Affecting Vehicle Power

• Rolling Resistance: Calculation of resistive forces due to tire contact with the road.
• Air Drag: Understanding the aerodynamic drag forces that act on the vehicle during motion.
• Hill Climbing: Power requirements for driving up slopes and dealing with grade resistance.
• Acceleration Forces: Forces needed for vehicle acceleration, accounting for inertia and aerodynamic forces.

Driving Patterns and Vehicle Testing Standards

• Driving Patterns: Analysis of various driving patterns used in testing EVs and HEVs, such as urban, highway, and stop-and-go conditions.
• Energy Expenditure Calculation: Methods for calculating energy usage over a driving cycle.
• Vehicle Testing Standards: Introduction to standardized tests like EPA and WLTP, and the importance of these tests in determining the energy consumption and performance characteristics of vehicles.

Week 02 – Hybrid Electric Vehicle Architecture

Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Architectures

• Introduction to the ADVISOR Tool: Overview of the ADVISOR simulation tool used to model HEVs and electric vehicles, understanding its capabilities for system-level simulation.
• Powertrain Configurations:
  • Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): Full electric vehicle powered by a battery pack with no internal combustion engine (ICE).
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): Combines a conventional engine with an electric motor, with power coming from both sources.
  • Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel Hybrid Configurations: Understanding the architecture of hybrid systems and how the engine and electric motor are connected.

Modeling with MATLAB and ADVISOR

• MATLAB Simulation: Basics of simulating a vehicle model using MATLAB/Simulink and understanding the integration of the ADVISOR toolbox.
• Powertrain Blockset: Using MATLAB’s Powertrain Blockset to simulate different components of the vehicle powertrain (batteries, motors, inverters).
• Control Strategies: Exploring different control strategies like Power Split Control and Charge-sustaining Mode used to optimize performance and fuel efficiency in hybrid powertrains.

Week 03 – Electric Motors and Power Converters For Propulsion

Fundamentals of Electric Motors

• Electrical Engineering Terminologies: Understanding key terms in motor design, power electronics, and system control.
• DC and AC Motors:
  • DC Motors: Working principles, speed control, efficiency, and applications.
  • AC Motors: Induction motors and permanent magnet motors (PM motors), with emphasis on their characteristics and advantages in traction applications.

Power Electronics in EV Propulsion

• Power Electronic Basics: Introduction to the role of power electronics in controlling the flow of electricity to motors.
• DC Converter Circuit Operation: Understanding the operation of DC-DC converters for voltage regulation and speed control.
• Power Devices and Switching Losses: Analysis of power semiconductor devices (IGBT, MOSFET) and the impact of switching losses in power converters.

Motor Control and Power Conversion

• Power Electronic Control of PMDC, PMBLDC, and Induction Motors: How to control different types of motors using power electronics, including PWM control techniques.
• Inverter Operation: Understanding the role of inverters in converting DC power from the battery to AC for motor operation.
• Sine PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): How sinusoidal PWM is used to control motor speed and torque.
• Variable Frequency Control: Introduction to VFC for controlling AC motors, its benefits, and limitations.
• Introduction to Vector Control: Understanding the principles of field-oriented control (FOC) to control induction motors with high precision.

Week 04 – Braking of Electrical Motors & Motor Efficiency Plots

Braking Systems in Electric Vehicles

• Braking Requirements of the Vehicle: Overview of braking requirements for EVs and HEVs, including safety, efficiency, and energy recovery considerations.
• Methods of Braking for DC and Induction Motors: Understanding how regenerative braking, dynamic braking, and mechanical braking work in electric motor systems.
• Regenerative Braking: Introduction to regenerative braking, where the motor acts as a generator to recover energy and feed it back into the battery.
• Dynamic Braking: Discussing dynamic braking in induction and permanent magnet motors and its use in reducing vehicle speed quickly.
• Electrical and Mechanical Brakes Coordination: How to effectively coordinate between electric and mechanical braking systems to optimize vehicle control and safety.

Braking Control Strategies

• Braking Control Strategies: Review of control strategies for efficient braking, ensuring smooth and responsive deceleration.
• Motor Efficiency Plots: How to generate efficiency plots for motors and braking systems, showing the relationship between motor load, speed, and efficiency.

Week 01 – Introduction to Li-ion Battery

Fundamentals of Li-ion Batteries

• Li-ion Battery – An Introduction: Understanding the basic concept of Li-ion technology, its working principles, and the reasons for its widespread use in modern devices like smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
• Advantages of Li-ion Batteries: Discussion of the advantages of Li-ion over other types of batteries (e.g., higher energy density, longer cycle life, lighter weight, etc.).
• Key Battery Parameters:
  • Voltage, Current, Watts, Ampere-hour, Watt-hour: Overview of the fundamental electrical parameters related to batteries, how they affect battery performance, and how they are measured.
• Structure of a Li-ion Cell: Understanding the internal structure, including anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, and current collectors.
• Evolution of Li-ion Cells: Brief history of Li-ion batteries, from the first commercial cells to modern advancements.
• Li-ion Cell Chemistries: Overview of various Li-ion chemistries (e.g., LiCoO₂, LiFePO₄, NCA, NCM) and their specific applications and benefits.

Week 02 – Safety Operating Area of Li-ion

Electrical Cell Modeling and Safety

• Electrical Cell Model: Introduction to the equivalent electrical model of a Li-ion cell, including resistance, capacitance, and voltage parameters.
• Identifying RC Value of a Cell Using MATLAB: How to model and identify the resistance-capacitance (RC) parameters of a Li-ion cell using MATLAB for dynamic simulations.
• State of Charge (SOC) Estimation Using the RC Value: Methods to estimate the SOC of a cell, based on its RC model and voltage behavior under load conditions.

Week 03 – Battery Pack Design

Designing a Li-ion Battery Pack

• Identifying Number of Cells in Series and Parallel: How to calculate the number of cells required in series and parallel to meet the desired voltage, capacity, and power requirements for an application.
• Battery Aging: Overview of factors affecting battery life, including cycle life, temperature, charging habits, and deep discharge.
• Peak Load Optimization: Understanding how to optimize the design of battery packs to handle peak load demands efficiently while maintaining longevity.
• Importance of Mechanical Enclosure: The role of the battery pack enclosure in protecting cells from external damage, heat, and short circuits, and the importance of designing for thermal and electrical safety.

Week 04 – Battery Pack Modelling

Battery Pack Characteristics and Charging

• Cell Testing Methods and Techniques: Methods used to test the performance, capacity, and life cycle of individual cells before assembly into a pack.
• Battery Pack Modelling: Overview of the tools and techniques used to model the performance of an entire battery pack, including simulations for charge/discharge cycles, voltage drops, and thermal management.
• Battery Charging Topologies: Introduction to various charging circuits and topologies used in Li-ion battery packs, including constant current, constant voltage (CC-CV), and fast-charging methods.
• Fast Charging: Techniques and challenges in designing fast-charging systems that safely charge Li-ion batteries without damaging them or reducing their lifespan.

Week 05 – Introduction to Battery Management System (BMS)

BMS Overview and Key Functions

• Need for BMS: Understanding why a Battery Management System (BMS) is essential for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the performance of Li-ion battery packs.
• Features of a BMS: Key functionalities such as voltage monitoring, current measurement, SOC estimation, balancing, and safety protection.
• Architecture of a BMS: Overview of the hardware and software architecture of a typical BMS, including sensors, controllers, and communication interfaces.

Week 06 – Battery Management System (BMS)

BMS Sensing and Safety Features

• Individual Cell Voltage Measurement: Techniques for measuring the voltage of each individual cell in a battery pack to ensure balanced operation and prevent overcharging/overdischarging.
• Charge and Discharge Current Measurement: How the BMS measures the current during charging and discharging to optimize performance and prevent damage.
• Cell Temperature Measurement: Importance of monitoring the temperature of cells to prevent overheating and ensure safe operation.
• BMS Fault Safety Features: Overview of the safety features in a BMS to prevent overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent, and thermal runaway conditions.

Week 07 – Battery Management System (BMS)

Advanced BMS Functions

• MOSFET Switching Profile: Understanding the operation of MOSFETs within the BMS for controlling the charging and discharging of the battery cells.
• Cell Balancing:
  • Passive Cell Balancing: How passive balancing works by dissipating excess energy through resistive methods.
  • Active Cell Balancing: Advanced methods of cell balancing that transfer energy from higher-charged cells to lower-charged cells to improve pack performance and longevity.

Week 08 – SOC Measurement in Battery Systems

State of Charge (SOC) Estimation

• Voltage Translation SOC Measurement: Using voltage measurement as a means to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of the battery.
• Coulomb Counting SOC Measurement: How coulomb counting can be used to estimate SOC by tracking the flow of charge into and out of the battery.
• Combination of Voltage Translation and Coulomb Counting: A hybrid approach for more accurate SOC estimation combining both voltage and coulomb counting techniques.

Week 09 – BMS Communication

Communication Protocols for BMS

• Types of Communication: Overview of different communication protocols used in BMS, including RS485 and CAN, and their applications in automotive and industrial battery systems.
• RS485 Communication Protocol: Detailed discussion on RS485, its advantages for long-distance communication, and its role in BMS communication.
• CAN Communication Protocol: Introduction to CAN (Controller Area Network) protocol, its widespread use in automotive applications, and its benefits for real-time monitoring of battery parameters.

Week 10 – Battery Pack Range Estimation

Range and Efficiency Calculation

• Standard Drive Cycle: Overview of standard drive cycles used to simulate real-world driving conditions for estimating battery performance.
• Vehicle Dynamics for Range Estimation: Using vehicle dynamics models to estimate the range of an EV based on battery capacity and power consumption.
• Battery Pack Range Calculation Using Microsoft Excel: Hands-on exercise to calculate the range of a vehicle based on driving patterns and battery characteristics.
• Battery Performance for Acceleration: Analyzing how battery power supports vehicle acceleration and how it affects the range and efficiency.

Week 11 – Thermal System

Thermal Management for Li-ion Batteries

• Introduction to Thermal Management Systems (TMS): Understanding the importance of managing heat in Li-ion batteries to maintain safe operation and optimal performance.
• Need for TMS: Discussing the risks of overheating, including capacity degradation, short circuits, and thermal runaway.
• Types of Thermal Cooling Systems: Exploring different cooling systems such as air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase-change materials.
• Design Calculations for Li-ion Battery Cooling Systems: Overview of the calculations involved in designing an effective thermal management system, including heat dissipation and coolant flow requirements.

Week 12 – High Voltage Lithium-ion Battery Electrical Safety

Safety Protocols for High-Voltage Battery Systems

• High Voltage Battery Pack Shock: Discussing the risks associated with high-voltage battery packs and the necessary precautions to prevent electrical shocks.
• Hazard Classification of Batteries: Understanding the different classifications and certifications for safe operation of high-voltage battery packs.
• Shock Hazard Signs: Recognizing and adhering to safety signage and labeling in high-voltage battery systems.
• Fire Extinguish Methods: Discussing the fire extinguishing methods specific to Li-ion battery fires, including CO₂, dry chemical agents, and class D fire extinguishers.
• Thermal Runaway: Understanding the concept of thermal runaway in Li-ion batteries, its causes, and how to prevent and mitigate its effects.
• Li-ion Battery Fire Extinguish Methods: Detailed guidelines for responding to Li-ion battery fires, including handling runaway conditions and using appropriate fire suppression techniques.

Week 01 – Introduction to Li-ion Battery

Fundamentals of Li-ion Batteries

• Li-ion Battery – An Introduction: Understanding the basic concept of Li-ion technology, its working principles, and the reasons for its widespread use in modern devices like smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
• Advantages of Li-ion Batteries: Discussion of the advantages of Li-ion over other types of batteries (e.g., higher energy density, longer cycle life, lighter weight, etc.).
• Key Battery Parameters:
  • Voltage, Current, Watts, Ampere-hour, Watt-hour: Overview of the fundamental electrical parameters related to batteries, how they affect battery performance, and how they are measured.
• Structure of a Li-ion Cell: Understanding the internal structure, including anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, and current collectors.
• Evolution of Li-ion Cells: Brief history of Li-ion batteries, from the first commercial cells to modern advancements.
• Li-ion Cell Chemistries: Overview of various Li-ion chemistries (e.g., LiCoO₂, LiFePO₄, NCA, NCM) and their specific applications and benefits.

Week 02 – Safety Operating Area of Li-ion

Electrical Cell Modeling and Safety

• Electrical Cell Model: Introduction to the equivalent electrical model of a Li-ion cell, including resistance, capacitance, and voltage parameters.
• Identifying RC Value of a Cell Using MATLAB: How to model and identify the resistance-capacitance (RC) parameters of a Li-ion cell using MATLAB for dynamic simulations.
• State of Charge (SOC) Estimation Using the RC Value: Methods to estimate the SOC of a cell, based on its RC model and voltage behavior under load conditions.

Week 03 – Battery Pack Design

Designing a Li-ion Battery Pack

• Identifying Number of Cells in Series and Parallel: How to calculate the number of cells required in series and parallel to meet the desired voltage, capacity, and power requirements for an application.
• Battery Aging: Overview of factors affecting battery life, including cycle life, temperature, charging habits, and deep discharge.
• Peak Load Optimization: Understanding how to optimize the design of battery packs to handle peak load demands efficiently while maintaining longevity.
• Importance of Mechanical Enclosure: The role of the battery pack enclosure in protecting cells from external damage, heat, and short circuits, and the importance of designing for thermal and electrical safety.

Week 04 – Battery Pack Modelling

Battery Pack Characteristics and Charging

• Cell Testing Methods and Techniques: Methods used to test the performance, capacity, and life cycle of individual cells before assembly into a pack.
• Battery Pack Modelling: Overview of the tools and techniques used to model the performance of an entire battery pack, including simulations for charge/discharge cycles, voltage drops, and thermal management.
• Battery Charging Topologies: Introduction to various charging circuits and topologies used in Li-ion battery packs, including constant current, constant voltage (CC-CV), and fast-charging methods.
• Fast Charging: Techniques and challenges in designing fast-charging systems that safely charge Li-ion batteries without damaging them or reducing their lifespan.

Week 05 – Introduction to Battery Management System (BMS)

BMS Overview and Key Functions

• Need for BMS: Understanding why a Battery Management System (BMS) is essential for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the performance of Li-ion battery packs.
• Features of a BMS: Key functionalities such as voltage monitoring, current measurement, SOC estimation, balancing, and safety protection.
• Architecture of a BMS: Overview of the hardware and software architecture of a typical BMS, including sensors, controllers, and communication interfaces.

Week 06 – Battery Management System (BMS)

BMS Sensing and Safety Features

• Individual Cell Voltage Measurement: Techniques for measuring the voltage of each individual cell in a battery pack to ensure balanced operation and prevent overcharging/overdischarging.
• Charge and Discharge Current Measurement: How the BMS measures the current during charging and discharging to optimize performance and prevent damage.
• Cell Temperature Measurement: Importance of monitoring the temperature of cells to prevent overheating and ensure safe operation.
• BMS Fault Safety Features: Overview of the safety features in a BMS to prevent overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent, and thermal runaway conditions.

Week 07 – Battery Management System (BMS)

Advanced BMS Functions

• MOSFET Switching Profile: Understanding the operation of MOSFETs within the BMS for controlling the charging and discharging of the battery cells.
• Cell Balancing:
  • Passive Cell Balancing: How passive balancing works by dissipating excess energy through resistive methods.
  • Active Cell Balancing: Advanced methods of cell balancing that transfer energy from higher-charged cells to lower-charged cells to improve pack performance and longevity.

Week 08 – SOC Measurement in Battery Systems

State of Charge (SOC) Estimation

• Voltage Translation SOC Measurement: Using voltage measurement as a means to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of the battery.
• Coulomb Counting SOC Measurement: How coulomb counting can be used to estimate SOC by tracking the flow of charge into and out of the battery.
• Combination of Voltage Translation and Coulomb Counting: A hybrid approach for more accurate SOC estimation combining both voltage and coulomb counting techniques.

Week 09 – BMS Communication

Communication Protocols for BMS

• Types of Communication: Overview of different communication protocols used in BMS, including RS485 and CAN, and their applications in automotive and industrial battery systems.
• RS485 Communication Protocol: Detailed discussion on RS485, its advantages for long-distance communication, and its role in BMS communication.
• CAN Communication Protocol: Introduction to CAN (Controller Area Network) protocol, its widespread use in automotive applications, and its benefits for real-time monitoring of battery parameters.

Week 10 – Battery Pack Range Estimation

Range and Efficiency Calculation

• Standard Drive Cycle: Overview of standard drive cycles used to simulate real-world driving conditions for estimating battery performance.
• Vehicle Dynamics for Range Estimation: Using vehicle dynamics models to estimate the range of an EV based on battery capacity and power consumption.
• Battery Pack Range Calculation Using Microsoft Excel: Hands-on exercise to calculate the range of a vehicle based on driving patterns and battery characteristics.
• Battery Performance for Acceleration: Analyzing how battery power supports vehicle acceleration and how it affects the range and efficiency.

Week 11 – Thermal System

Thermal Management for Li-ion Batteries

• Introduction to Thermal Management Systems (TMS): Understanding the importance of managing heat in Li-ion batteries to maintain safe operation and optimal performance.
• Need for TMS: Discussing the risks of overheating, including capacity degradation, short circuits, and thermal runaway.
• Types of Thermal Cooling Systems: Exploring different cooling systems such as air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase-change materials.
• Design Calculations for Li-ion Battery Cooling Systems: Overview of the calculations involved in designing an effective thermal management system, including heat dissipation and coolant flow requirements.

Week 12 – High Voltage Lithium-ion Battery Electrical Safety

Safety Protocols for High-Voltage Battery Systems

• High Voltage Battery Pack Shock: Discussing the risks associated with high-voltage battery packs and the necessary precautions to prevent electrical shocks.
• Hazard Classification of Batteries: Understanding the different classifications and certifications for safe operation of high-voltage battery packs.
• Shock Hazard Signs: Recognizing and adhering to safety signage and labeling in high-voltage battery systems.
• Fire Extinguish Methods: Discussing the fire extinguishing methods specific to Li-ion battery fires, including CO₂, dry chemical agents, and class D fire extinguishers.
• Thermal Runaway: Understanding the concept of thermal runaway in Li-ion batteries, its causes, and how to prevent and mitigate its effects.
• Li-ion Battery Fire Extinguish Methods: Detailed guidelines for responding to Li-ion battery fires, including handling runaway conditions and using appropriate fire suppression techniques.

Week 1 – Introduction to Control System

Fundamentals of Control Engineering

• Basic Concepts in Control Engineering: Introduction to control theory, its importance in modern engineering systems, and its role in feedback mechanisms.
• Important Terms: Definitions of key terms like open-loop vs closed-loop systems, stability, performance, error analysis, etc.
• Feedback System: Understanding feedback and its types (negative and positive feedback), and how it influences system behavior.
• Transfer Functions: Mathematical representation of the relationship between input and output in a system. Introduction to transfer function modeling.
• Poles and Zeros: Introduction to the concepts of poles and zeros in control systems and their impact on system behavior.
• State-Space Representation: Transition from transfer functions to state-space representation for multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) systems.
• Laplace Transform: Introduction to Laplace transform, its application in control theory, and how it simplifies the analysis of linear systems.

Week 2 – Stability Analysis

Analyzing System Stability

• Stability: Introduction to stability criteria for dynamic systems, including the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Nyquist criterion, and Root Locus.
• Bode Plot: Understanding the frequency response of a system through Bode plots, which display the magnitude and phase of the system’s transfer function.
• MATLAB Tools for Control System Engineering: Introduction to MATLAB’s built-in tools for control system design, including bode, step, nyquist, control toolbox, and others. Hands-on examples of stability analysis and system simulation.

Week 3 – Control Theory Applied to Power Converters and Motors

Control of Power Converters and Motors

• PID Control Actions: Introduction to the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Understanding the working of each component of the controller and its role in improving system performance.
• Simulation of Step Response: Using simulation tools (MATLAB/Simulink) to analyze the step response of a system and understand transient and steady-state behaviors in motor and converter applications.

Week 4 – Controller Design for DC Motor

Motor Control Design

• DC Motor Transfer Function: Derivation and analysis of the transfer function of a DC motor, including the electrical and mechanical components.
• Setpoint Tracking: Techniques for ensuring that the DC motor reaches and maintains the desired speed or position, minimizing error.
• Disturbance Rejection: Methods to handle external disturbances, such as load changes, and how to reject them through control design (e.g., feedback).

Week 5 – Introduction to Digital Control

Transition to Digital Control Systems

• Limitations of Analog Control: Discussing the limitations of analog control systems, such as noise, drift, and inaccuracies, which lead to the shift towards digital control systems.
• Discrete Control System: Introduction to discrete-time control systems, where the system is sampled at discrete intervals, and the control inputs are processed digitally.
• Z-domain Analysis: Theoretical analysis of discrete-time systems in the Z-domain. Understanding Z-transforms and their application to stability and performance analysis of digital controllers.

Week 6 – Using Microcontroller for Motor Control

Microcontroller-based Motor Control

• Digital Power Control: Overview of power control strategies in digital systems, such as PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for controlling the speed and torque of motors.
• Microcontroller Fundamentals: Introduction to microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, STM32, or other embedded systems), including their architecture, programming, and interfacing.
• Programming and Interface: Practical programming skills to interface the microcontroller with motors and sensors for real-time motor control. Basic hands-on programming exercises for motor speed and position control.

Week 7 – Vehicle Dynamics Control

Advanced Control for Vehicle Systems

• Intelligent and Connected Vehicle Systems: Introduction to the concept of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), including autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.
• Master Controller and its Interfacing with Local Controllers: Understanding the hierarchical structure of vehicle control systems, where a master controller coordinates with local controllers for motor control, suspension, braking, and other subsystems.
• Vehicle Dynamics Modeling: Overview of vehicle dynamics modeling for stability and performance optimization, including handling, traction control, and power distribution.
• Control Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles: Exploring the role of control theory in autonomous vehicles, focusing on path planning, speed regulation, and safety protocols.

Week 1 – Introduction to the Course and Topic

Overview of Fuel Cells and Fuel Cell Vehicle Systems

• Introduction to Fuel Cells: What are fuel cells? How do they work, and their application in vehicles.
• Fuel Cell Stack System: Components and configuration of a fuel cell stack, including anode, cathode, electrolyte, and bipolar plates.
• Current Development in the Market: Market trends, key players in the fuel cell industry, and the growth potential for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs).

Objective: Understand the basic principles behind fuel cells, their market relevance, and their potential in clean energy systems.

Week 2 – PEM Fuel Cell Fundamentals

Introduction to Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

• Internal Structure of PEM Fuel Cell: Detailed look at the internal operation of a PEM fuel cell, including the electrochemical reaction, proton conduction, and electron flow.
• Losses in Fuel Cells that Affect Performance: Understanding activation losses, ohmic losses, and concentration losses that reduce the efficiency of PEM fuel cells.

Objective: Grasp the fundamentals of PEM fuel cell technology and the challenges related to performance losses.

Week 3 – Fuel Cell Operation

Understanding Fuel Cell Operation

• Fuel Cell Operation: Step-by-step explanation of how fuel cells generate power, including the processes at the anode and cathode sides.
• Starvation: Fuel starvation and oxygen starvation in fuel cells, causes, and effects on performance.
• Control Parameters of Starvation: How to control and prevent fuel and oxygen starvation in fuel cells.

Objective: Learn the operating principles of fuel cells, focusing on how to optimize fuel and oxygen usage for better performance.

Week 4 – Batteries and Ultracapacitors

Energy Storage Systems

• Details of Batteries and Ultracapacitors: Understanding the role of batteries and ultracapacitors in energy storage for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Comparison of battery and ultracapacitor technologies in terms of energy density, power density, and efficiency.
• Modeling of Batteries and Ultracapacitors in MATLAB/Simulink: Introduction to creating models for batteries and ultracapacitors using MATLAB/Simulink. Basic charge/discharge cycles, state of charge (SOC), and energy dynamics.

Objective: Learn about different energy storage solutions and how to model them in simulation software for FCV design.

Week 5 – Introduction to Programming in MATLAB

Basics of MATLAB and Simulink Programming

• MATLAB Basics: Introduction to the MATLAB programming environment, variables, functions, loops, and basic plotting techniques.
• Simulink Basics: Introduction to Simulink for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. Creating simple models, running simulations, and interpreting results.
• Modeling Assignments in MATLAB/Simulink: Hands-on assignments to get familiar with modeling basic electrical systems in Simulink.

Objective: Get comfortable with MATLAB and Simulink, preparing for more advanced simulations in later weeks.

Week 6 – Control Strategies for Energy Management

Energy Management Strategies

• Understanding Different Energy Management Strategies: Overview of the primary energy management approaches for hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, such as rule-based strategies and optimization methods.
• Rule-Based Load Following: A simple control strategy where the fuel cell output is adjusted to meet the vehicle’s power demand dynamically. Introduction to Simulink models for implementing rule-based load following.

Objective: Learn different methods of energy management and implement a basic rule-based strategy in MATLAB/Simulink.

Week 7 – Creating Basic Vehicle Model

Vehicle Modeling in Simulink

• Important Simulink Tools: Introduction to key tools required for vehicle modeling, including blocks for mechanical systems, electrical systems, and fuel cell subsystems.
• Creating a Basic Vehicle Model: Develop a simple model of a fuel cell vehicle, integrating the vehicle dynamics with the fuel cell and energy storage system.

Objective: Develop a basic fuel cell vehicle model that includes powertrain, energy storage, and fuel cell subsystems.

Week 8 – Creating Fuel Cell Model, Ultracapacitor Model, and Battery Model

Detailed Energy Models

• Fuel Cell Model: Build a detailed PEM fuel cell model including voltage-current characteristics, losses, and temperature effects.
• Ultracapacitor Model: Model the ultracapacitor behavior in dynamic conditions, including charge/discharge cycles and power delivery.
• Battery Model: Model the behavior of a battery, including state of charge (SOC) dynamics, charge/discharge cycles, and energy efficiency.

Objective: Create realistic models for energy sources used in fuel cell vehicles.

Week 9 – Creating the Energy Management Strategy

Power Management in Fuel Cell Vehicles

• Power Management Techniques: Explore different techniques for managing the power between the fuel cell, battery, and ultracapacitor, focusing on optimizing the use of fuel and battery life.
• Basic Energy Management Strategy in MATLAB/Simulink: Build a basic energy management strategy to control the fuel cell, battery, and ultracapacitor in a fuel cell vehicle using Simulink.

Objective: Implement and test a basic energy management system for a fuel cell vehicle using MATLAB/Simulink.

Week 10 – Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Fuel Cell Vehicle

Fuel Cell Vehicle Efficiency Analysis

• Wheel-to-Well Concept: Introduction to the well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis, which evaluates the efficiency and environmental impact of the entire fuel cycle—from energy extraction to vehicle operation.
• Implementation of Well-to-Wheel Analysis for Fuel Cell Vehicles: How to simulate the WTW analysis for fuel cell vehicles, focusing on efficiency, emissions, and overall performance.

Objective: Apply the WTW analysis to evaluate fuel cell vehicle performance and efficiency.

Week 11 – Conclusion and Project Discussion

Course Recap and Final Project

• Summary of Concepts: Review key concepts covered during the course, including fuel cell fundamentals, energy storage systems, energy management strategies, and vehicle modeling.
• Project Implementation: Students integrate various models (fuel cell, ultracapacitor, battery) to design and simulate a full fuel cell vehicle with energy management.
• Project Feedback: Discuss project outcomes, challenges, and results from model simulations.

Objective: Synthesize and apply course knowledge into a final project, demonstrating the integration of energy sources and management in a fuel cell vehicle model.

Week 12 – Live Webinar

Interactive Q&A Session

• Live Webinar: A live session to answer any outstanding questions, provide clarification on complex topics, and help students finalize their projects.
• Project Finalization and Discussion: Discuss final project details, implementation challenges, and results.
• Q&A: Students have the opportunity to ask questions about any topics covered in the course.

Objective: Ensure students are confident in their understanding and application of fuel cell vehicle modeling, control, and energy management.

Week 1 – Failure Mode Analysis (FMA)

Overview:

• Introduction to Failure Mode Analysis: Understand the importance of FMA in product design and manufacturing processes. Explore how failure modes impact product functionality, reliability, and safety.
• Steps in FMA: Discuss the steps involved in FMA including identification, evaluation, prioritization, and mitigation of potential failure modes.
• Quality Systems: Understand the role of quality systems (like ISO standards, Six Sigma, etc.) in ensuring product quality and preventing failures.

Key Concepts:

• FMEA Team: The structure and roles of a cross-functional FMEA team. Emphasizing the collaboration between design, manufacturing, quality control, and maintenance teams to identify failure modes.
• Risk Priority Number (RPN): Learn how to calculate and interpret the RPN, a critical tool used to prioritize failure modes based on their severity, occurrence, and detection.
• Corrective Actions: How to implement corrective actions based on FMEA findings to prevent failures and enhance product reliability.
• Documentation: Importance of proper documentation in FMEA to ensure traceability, compliance, and continuous improvement.

Objective: Equip students with the foundational knowledge and tools to conduct FMA and FMEA in real-world engineering applications.

Week 2 – Introduction to 2D & 3D Modeling

Overview:

• Creating Profiles: Learn how to create basic 2D profiles in CAD software like CATIA, SolidWorks, or AutoCAD, which form the basis for 3D modeling.
• Performing Operations on Profiles: Understand the various operations that can be performed on profiles, such as trimming, filleting, and extending.
• Constraining: Discuss the importance of constraining sketches, including dimensional and geometric constraints, to define shape and size accurately.
• Analysing Sketches: How to evaluate sketches for correctness, detecting errors such as under-defined or over-defined sketches.

Key Concepts:

• Part Modeling: Introduction to creating 3D parts from 2D sketches. Learn how to transition from 2D profiles to fully defined 3D models.
• Sketch-Based Features: Features like extrude, revolve, and sweep that are based on 2D sketches and how they are used to build 3D models.
• Transformation Features: Learn how to apply transformation features like mirror, pattern, and move to modify or replicate existing parts.
• Dress-Up Features: Add aesthetic and functional features like fillets, chamfers, holes, and rounds to the 3D model.
• Constraints: How to apply constraints in both 2D sketches and 3D models to ensure that the design remains within tolerances and limits.
• Properties: Setting and managing material properties, mass properties, and physical attributes within CAD software.
• Measuring Elements: Learn how to measure dimensions, distances, angles, and radii in both 2D and 3D models using CAD tools.

Objective: Provide hands-on experience with CAD tools for creating and modifying 2D sketches and 3D parts, while ensuring proper constraints and measurements.

Week 3 – Introduction to GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing)

Overview:

• Definition: Understand the principles and definitions of GD&T, a symbolic language used in engineering drawings to define the allowable variation in form, fit, and function of a part.
• Use: How GD&T helps in improving communication between design, manufacturing, and quality control teams, ensuring that parts meet functional requirements and are manufacturable.

Key Concepts:

• Symbols: Introduction to the fundamental GD&T symbols, such as:
  • Datum: Establishing the reference points from which dimensions are measured.
  • Tolerance: Defining the acceptable limits of variation for a part’s dimensions.
  • Form Tolerances: Tolerances that control the form of the part, such as flatness, straightness, roundness, and cylindricity.
  • Orientation Tolerances: Tolerances that control the orientation of features, such as angularity, perpendicularity, and parallelism.
  • Location Tolerances: Tolerances that control the position of features, such as position and concentricity.
  • Runout Tolerances: Tolerances related to the variation of a part’s features during rotation, such as circular runout and total runout.

Objective: Provide a thorough introduction to GD&T principles and symbols, with an emphasis on how they are used to define tolerances and ensure the functionality and manufacturability of parts.